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Philipp, Prince and Landgrave of Hesse (6 November 1896 – 25 October 1980) was head of the Electoral House of Hesse from 1940 to 1980. He joined the Nazi Party in 1930, and, when they gained power with the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in 1933, he became Governor of Hesse-Nassau. He served as governor from 1933. However, he fell out with the Nazis, was arrested in 1943, dismissed as governor the following year and then was sent to a concentration camp, where he remained until being liberated by US forces. He was a grandson of Frederick III, German Emperor, and a great-grandson of Queen Victoria, as well as the son-in-law to Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. His relative Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was named after him. ==Early life and marriage== Philipp was born at Schloss Rumpenheim in Offenbach, the third son of Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse and of his wife Princess Margaret of Prussia (sister of the German Emperor Wilhelm II). Philipp had a younger twin brother Wolfgang, as well as two older brothers and two other younger twin brothers. As a child, Philipp had an English governess. In 1910, he was sent to England to attend school in Bexhill-on-Sea. After returning to Germany, he attended a ''Musterschule'' in Frankfurt and then the ''Realgymnasium'' in Potsdam. He was the only one of his brothers who did not attend a military academy. At the beginning of the First World War, Philipp enlisted in the Hessian Dragoon-Regiment Nr. 24 along with his older brother Maximilian. They served first in Belgium where Maximilian was killed in October. In 1915 and 1916, Philipp served on the Eastern Front in what is now Ukraine. He held the rank of lieutenant (an extremely low rank considering his princely background) and was mostly responsible for the procurement of munitions. In 1917, he served on the Siegfried Line, before returning to Ukraine where he experienced active combat and was wounded. In 1916, Philipp's oldest brother Friedrich Wilhelm died, and Philipp became second in line to succeed his uncle as Head of the Electoral House of Hesse. In October 1918, Philipp's father was elected king of Finland. It was intended that Philipp would eventually succeed his father as Head of the House of Hesse, while his (younger) twin brother Wolfgang would be heir to the Finnish throne. The plans for a Finnish monarchy, however, soon came to an abrupt end with the defeat of Germany; Finland became a republic in July 1919. After the war, Philipp enlisted in the ''Übergangsheer'' (the Transitional Army) which was successful in defending against Communist and socialist action. From 1920 to 1922, he attended the Technical University in Darmstadt where he studied art history and architecture. He made several visits to Greece where his aunt Princess Sophie of Prussia was the wife of King Constantine I. In 1922, he left university without completing a degree and took a job at the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum in Berlin. The following year, he moved to Rome where he used his aristocratic connections to establish himself as a successful interior designer. According to biographer Jonathan Petropoulos, Philipp was probably bisexual, and his lovers included the English poet Siegfried Sassoon. 〔Miller, Neil (1995). Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present. p. 96.〕 He married Princess Mafalda of Savoy, daughter of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, on 23 September 1925 at the Castello di Racconigi near Turin. The couple had four children: * Prince Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse (1926–2013) * Prince Heinrich Wilhelm Konstantin Viktor Franz (1927–1999) * Prince Otto Adolf (3 June 1937 Rome – 3 January 1998 Hanover); married 1st on 6 April 1965 (div. 3 February 1969) in Trostberg to Angela von Doering (12 August 1940 Goslar-11 April 1991 Hanover). No issue. Married 2nd on 28 December 1988 (div. 1994) to Elisabeth Bönker (31 January 1944 Czechoslovakia – 12 April 2013). No issue. * Princess Elisabeth Margarethe (born 8 October 1940 Rome, Italy) married 26 February 1962 in Frankfurt to Friedrich Carl von Oppersdorf (30 January 1925 Głogówek–11 January 1985). Having issue, two sons. The family lived mostly at Villa Polissena (named after Queen Polissena), part of Villa Savoia, the king of Italy's estate on the outskirts of Rome. But they also travelled frequently to Germany.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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